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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-08-28
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WORLD, Page 28BRITAINDeath of A Tycoon
The sudden demise of Robert Maxwell clouds the future of the
troubled empire he leaves behind. Can his sons hold it together?
By BARBARA RUDOLPH -- With reporting by Helen Gibson/London,
Jane Walker/Madrid and Adam Zagorin/Brussels
When Robert Maxwell went over the side of his yacht off
the Canary Islands, it was a death scene made to order for pulp
publishing. He could have made millions with the tabloid rehash
in his popular weeklies, the trash book and the movie and
television rights. But without him to patch together such a
deal, the ripples from his final fall threatened to sink some
of the media empire he had built.
The imperious tycoon, decorated war hero and Holocaust
survivor was last seen alive in the predawn light, pacing on the
deck of his yacht, the Lady Ghislaine, as it cruised in the
calm waters of the Atlantic. Only late in the morning, after a
phone call to his stateroom went unanswered, was he reported
missing. About six hours afterward, Maxwell's 6-ft. 2-in.,
280-lb. body was found floating naked in the sea.
Did Maxwell, 68, commit suicide because he was distraught
about the tangled affairs of his debt-laden companies? Was his
death somehow related to his alleged links with Israeli
intelligence? Only two weeks earlier, Seymour Hersh had alleged
in his book The Samson Option that the billionaire maintained
ties to Mossad. (Maxwell promptly sued for libel.) If he did
indeed have a Mossad connection, did that give someone a reason
to have Maxwell killed? Other seemingly farfetched speculation
suggests a CIA connection. Or, alternatively, did a member of
his crew, rumored to be occasional victims of his wrath, exact
revenge?
Provisionally, the Spanish magistrate charged with
investigating the death settled on the most innocent
explanation: Maxwell died of natural causes, probably suffering
a heart attack before he fell overboard. Since he was found
floating (a drowned body normally takes about three days to
surface), that theory is not without merit. Most likely, no one
will ever know the full story behind Maxwell's death.
Without him, however, there can be no doubt that his
far-flung corporate kingdom will never be the same. Maxwell's
properties, which include Macmillan Publishers and the
London-based Daily Mirror as well as printing plants, the
Israeli newspaper Ma'ariv and several professional soccer teams,
are joined by a complex web of interlocking connections, all
masterminded by Maxwell and Maxwell alone. "You've lost the
force majeure, the single persona that held it all together,"
says John Reidy, a New York City media analyst at Smith Barney.
Two of Maxwell's sons, Kevin, 32, and Ian, 35, were
quickly named their father's successors. Kevin will take over
the American arm of the Maxwell domain, Maxwell Communication
Corp., and his brother will run the Mirror Group Newspapers in
Britain. The young Maxwells face the same challenge that
confronts most media barons these days: massive debt. No one
outside the company, and not many inside it, knows precisely
what Maxwell's debts are. That is because a number of his
interests were privately held. The details of their loan
arrangements thus remain safe from the scrutiny of public
shareholders.
Moreover, many of the debts of the private firms were
assumed by pledging, as collateral, shares in Maxwell's two
publicly traded companies, Mirror Group Newspapers and Maxwell
Communication. Mirror Group shares had been declining even
before Maxwell died, and were off more than 30% between May and
the suspension in trading that followed Maxwell's death. But
because the Mirror Group remains solidly profitable, they
bounced back 45% after trading resumed last week. All told, the
Maxwell companies probably carry debts of $3.9 billion,
according to London's Financial Times. That figure was about 50%
higher than many investors had assumed.
The exhilarations -- and perils -- of bold action were
part of Maxwell's appetite from the start. Born Jan Ludvik Hoch
in the Czech village of Solotvino, he lost his parents and four
siblings at Auschwitz. Having left for Budapest in 1939, he
arrived in France early the following year and sailed to
Liverpool a few months later. He won Britain's Military Cross
in January 1945 for leading a platoon against a German defensive
position. In London after the war, he launched Pergamon Press,
a scientific publisher. In 1969 Maxwell lost the company in a
scandal: he was charged with misrepresenting Pergamon's
financial condition during a takeover battle. He recaptured the
firm in 1974 and last March sold it to the Dutch publisher
Elsevier for $765 million.
Maxwell was a lifelong subscriber to Machiavelli's dictum
that it is better to be feared than loved. David Adler, who was
a Maxwell executive for three years, remembers being called on
the carpet because he was unable to meet his master's plane at
the airport. (He sent three limousines instead.) "Remember,"
Maxwell bellowed, "I am the most important person in your life!"
This year Maxwell's reputation spread from Wall Street to
42nd Street and the likes of New York City cabdrivers when he
stepped in as the 11th-hour savior of the city's Daily News,
whose workers were waging a draining strike against the paper's
owners, the Tribune Co. Maxwell luxuriated in his role as an
American media king, appearing in ads for the paper and putting
on lavish spreads at Washington social functions. The new
proprietor pocketed $60 million in exchange for taking on the
News and its debt, but the paper still loses money -- between
$30 million and $40 million a year, estimates John Morton, a
newspaper analyst at Lynch, Jones & Ryan in Washington.
More than a few Maxwell assets are probably headed for the
auction block. Within days of his death, Maxwell Communication
agreed to sell a 56% stake in Berlitz International to Japan's
Fukutake Publishing for $265 million. But there is concern that
the easy asset sales may all have been done, says Jeff Matthews
of the New York City firm Rocker Partners, which has in the past
sold short Maxwell stock. "Future sales might be distress
sales," Matthews suggests.
Meanwhile, Maxwell watchers are keenly following the early
performance of the younger generation. The sons are acting a lot
like their father, some already observe. "In moments of greatest
adversity, that's where they're the coolest; it's bred into the
family," notes Donald Fruehling, who was a Macmillan executive
and board member. "Maxwell's whole life was `Never panic,'"
Adler agrees. "The kids are living that legacy." That is not to
say, however, that either Kevin or Ian will become another
Robert Maxwell. There was only one of those.
________________________________________________________________
MAXWELL'S EMPIRE
Selected list of wholly and partially owned interests at the
time of his death:
Maxwell Communication
- Macmillan Inc.
- Official Airline Guides
- Nimbus Records
- Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing
- Berlitz Intl. (language schools, to be sold)
- P.F. Collier (encyclopedias)
Mirror Group Newspapers
- Daily Mirror and four other British newspapers
- Sporting Life
- Racing Times
Other Holdings
- Daily News (newspaper)
- European (newspaper)
- AGB (market research)
- Berliner Verlag (German newspaper publisher)
- Magyar Hirlap (Hungarian newspaper)
- Ma'ariv (Israeli newspaper)
- Kenya Times Media Trust (newspaper publisher)
- Manchester United, Oxford United, Reading
(British football clubs)